Exiled Opposition Leader Sam Rainsy Forms 'Temporary Government Abroad'

In a move to advocate for Cambodian citizens' rights and press for the implementation of the Paris Peace Agreements, exiled opposition leader Sam Rainsy has announced the formation of a "temporary government abroad." This newly established body, officially referred to as the National Resistance Council, seeks to address critical issues concerning democracy, human rights, and national sovereignty from outside Cambodia.

Sam Rainsy argues that while Cambodia may not have the military strength of its neighbors like Thailand, it holds a powerful legal tool in the Paris Agreements. He stated that the primary objective of this new government is to utilize this legal framework to call for an urgent meeting of its signatories to resolve Cambodia's political and territorial issues.

The National Council of Struggle will function through seven distinct institutions, each with a specific mandate:

• International Relations and Paris Agreement Implementation: To focus on diplomatic efforts and enforce the terms of the peace accords.

• National Sovereignty, Borders, and Immigration: To deal with territorial integrity and border disputes.

• National Security and Citizen Safety: To protect the well-being and security of Cambodian citizens.

• Democracy, Social Justice, and Human Rights: To promote democratic principles and human rights.

• Corruption Eradication: To combat corruption and reform national governance.

• Economy, Finance, and Poverty Alleviation: To address economic issues and provide assistance to the poor.

• Information and Public Relations: To manage communication and public outreach.

Observers Urge Crackdown on Human Trafficking and Fraud to Restore Cambodia's Reputation and Attract Tourists

Observers are calling on the Cambodian government to take decisive action against human trafficking and online fraud to repair the country's international reputation and boost tourism. These remarks follow a statement from Prime Minister Hun Manet, who urged officials to promote a positive image of Cambodia and attract more tourists, while dismissing international media reports on the spread of these crimes.

Critics contend that Cambodia's reputation will remain tarnished, and foreign tourists and investors will stay away, unless the government credibly addresses human trafficking, online fraud, and human rights abuses. This is despite Hun Manet's instructions to his officials to highlight the positive aspects of the tourism sector.

Allegations of Unaddressed Criminal Activity

Mr. Soeng Senkaruna, head of the Cambodian Democracy Organization in Australia, believes that kidnapping and torture are severely harming the tourism industry. He argues that the government appears unwilling to solve these crimes and that media reports from international organizations are not intended to harm Cambodia's image but rather to prompt authorities to act.

"Tourists today can find information about Cambodia without any advertisements," said Mr. Soeng Senkaruna. "The most important thing is for the government to do its job well, to lead properly, and take measures that build public trust. Only then will tourist numbers increase."

The Prime Minister's remarks were made during the closing ceremony for the Ministry of Tourism's 2024 work results on February 27. Hun Manet, who took office last year, reiterated that Cambodia is not a hub for kidnapping, cybercrime, or human trafficking, despite reports to the contrary. He insisted that his government is being vigilant and taking continuous preventive measures.

"We do have problems, but we are taking continuous measures," said Hun Manet. "If we only focus on the negative, it will look black. We have many positive points that need to be promoted. I believe that our message of safety, peace, and stability in Cambodia has been received, and we must continue this effort." He also encouraged social media content creators, youth, journalists, and the general public to help spread positive news about the country as a tourist destination.

Concerns from Social Observers

Despite the Prime Minister's message, social observers report that human trafficking and online fraud continue to escalate, with criminal networks expanding and using more sophisticated methods. Mr. Men Nat, head of the Cambodian Watchdog, expressed concern that these crimes are seriously threatening national security and the tourism sector.

"Online fraud and kidnapping are well-known in Cambodia on the international stage," said Mr. Men Nat. "International tourists go to countries that are safe for them. When a country is not safe, why would they go? It will be very difficult for the government to restore its image to attract tourists to Cambodia."

He also suggested that Hun Manet's approach is irresponsible and further damages the country's reputation, especially as international media report on these crimes while some powerful figures allegedly involved remain unpunished.

These concerns are echoed by foreign governments. Recently, Taiwan's Ministry of Interior listed Cambodia among five Southeast Asian countries as a high-risk destination for travelers due to a high number of incidents involving Taiwanese nationals being lured into online scams. Several other countries, including the Philippines, India, Malaysia, Thailand, and Pakistan, have also issued warnings to their citizens about the risks of falling victim to criminal groups operating in Cambodia.

Observers argue that while Cambodia has abundant natural resources and ancient temples, restoring the tourism sector requires the government to undertake meaningful reforms, strengthen democracy, and work to eliminate crime to ensure security and social justice.

The Impact of Cambodia's Online Fraud Crackdown on Investor Confidence

Following a directive from Prime Minister Hun Manet, Cambodia has launched a significant crackdown on online fraud, resulting in raids on 138 locations and the arrest of over 3,000 suspects as of July 22, 2025. This decisive action, particularly targeting criminal groups, aims to restore the country's image and improve its investment climate. The question remains: how much will this effort genuinely attract foreign investors?

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A Strategic Move to Bolster Economic Security

According to Dr. Duch Darin, an economics professor, the government's rigorous crackdown is a firm step toward enhancing social and economic security. He argues that this action is a positive signal for international investors, who prioritize countries with political stability, the rule of law, and a secure environment. The crackdown, therefore, could serve as a crucial step in attracting new investments, particularly in the technology sector, by demonstrating Cambodia’s commitment to a safe and predictable business environment.

Oknha Lim Heng, Vice President of the Cambodian Chamber of Commerce, echoed this sentiment. He highlighted that online fraud has previously been a major concern for investors, as it has led to their employees and workers falling into debt. He believes that this crackdown will help instill confidence, especially when combined with Cambodia's favorable investment laws and free trade agreements.

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International Scrutiny and Domestic Concerns

The issue of online fraud has drawn significant international attention. The U.S. Embassy in Cambodia previously voiced concerns about its negative impact on the investment climate. Similarly, Casey Barnet, President of the American Chamber of Commerce in Cambodia, pointed out the societal harm caused by illegal online gambling. The Chinese Ambassador to Cambodia, Wang Wenbin, has expressed strong support for the crackdown, underscoring the international cooperation involved.

Experts have warned that these fraudulent activities have caused severe damage to Cambodia's image, economy, and society. The Humanity Research Consultancy in the United States estimates that online fraud in Cambodia could generate $12 billion to $19 billion annually, a staggering amount equivalent to up to one-third of the country's GDP. This vast criminal enterprise has not only led to personal financial losses but also severely hurt the country's reputation among foreign investors and tourists.

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A Long-Term Strategy for Investment

While the recent crackdown is a significant and necessary step, experts caution that it must be part of a sustained, long-term strategy. Dr. Duch Darin stresses that to achieve long-term national economic growth, Cambodia must build a "highly productive, open, and competitive economy." This includes continuous efforts in education, skills development, technology, and innovation, all of which are essential for attracting foreign direct investment.

In conclusion, the government's decisive action against online fraud is a crucial move to improve Cambodia's investment landscape. By demonstrating a strong commitment to law and order, Cambodia is taking a key step toward reassuring the international community and building a more secure foundation for economic development.

Cambodia's Public Debt Reaches $12.67 Billion, Up from Last Year

At the end of the second quarter of 2025, Cambodia's public debt reached a total of $12.67 billion, with 99% of that figure consisting of external public debt. This marks a notable increase from the end of 2024, when the total debt stock stood at $12.03 billion.

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New Loans and Government Assurances

The Ministry of Economy and Finance reported that in the first half of 2025, Cambodia signed new concessional loan agreements valued at over $196 million. Despite this rising debt, the Cambodian government maintains that the country's public debt remains manageable.

Economic experts also weigh in on the situation, suggesting that Cambodia's debt level is still lower than that of many other countries. While the total public debt is growing, officials and analysts appear confident that it remains within a sustainable range, but its continued rise is being closely monitored.

Swedish Parliament Responds to Cambodian Petition, Vows to Monitor Arms Sales to Thailand

The Swedish Parliament has acknowledged a petition from a group of Cambodian intellectuals urging a halt to military cooperation and the sale of Gripen fighter jets to Thailand. While the parliament's Defense Committee has confirmed it will not take any formal action, it stated that Sweden will strictly monitor the use of its exported weapons to ensure compliance with international regulations.

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A Diplomatic Response

In an email to Moon Pich, a representative of the Cambodian intellectual group, the Swedish Parliament confirmed that it received the letter, which was sent to each member of the Swedish Defense Committee. The parliament defended its position, stating that the Swedish government is committed to arms control and non-proliferation. It emphasized that any use of Swedish-sold weapons must be subject to proper inspection.

A National Mental Health Crisis: Cambodian Experts Link Rising Distress to Economic Hardship

Mental health experts and professionals in Cambodia are raising alarms over a significant and growing mental health crisis, which they attribute to mounting economic pressures, debt, and widespread poverty. Despite official reassurances from the government, experts argue that the crisis is a serious public health issue that requires urgent and comprehensive government action.

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Economic Hardship Fuels Mental Health Decline

According to health and mental health experts, a growing number of citizens are experiencing both mild and severe mental health crises. The president of the Association of Counselors and Psychologists, Mr. Hou Sethul, emphasizes that poverty, hunger, and financial hardship are directly linked to mental and physical well-being. "When we face poverty... it affects everything," he stated, noting that the mental health crisis is now impacting younger Cambodians, particularly those aged 19-20 who are beginning to take on family responsibilities.

Mr. Hou Sethul also warned that this distress can have intergenerational effects, manifesting as anger, stress, and domestic violence that can be passed on to children.

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Government Data vs. Public Reality

While Prime Minister Hun Manet and Senate President Hun Sen have promoted their leadership as bringing peace, the Ministry of Health's own data paints a worrying picture. A report released on March 3 showed a dramatic spike in recorded mental illness cases, from just over 8,792 in 2023 to nearly 300,000 in 2024.

Health Minister Chheang Ra attributed this increase to a rise in public confidence in medical services, suggesting that more people are now seeking treatment. However, experts like Mr. Hou Sethul believe the numbers only represent a fraction of the true scope of the problem. Many people, they say, are afraid to seek help due to stigma and a lack of understanding about where to find effective treatment.

Furthermore, Mr. Hou Sethul observed that existing mental health services are inadequate. State hospitals often dispense medication without offering psychological counseling, which is essential for patient recovery.

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Systemic Failures and Broader Concerns

Former senior official of the Pailin Provincial Health Department, Khem Monikosal, attributes the mental health crisis to the government's inability to provide proper public services, which he claims are riddled with corruption and a lack of quality care. He believes the most affected groups are farmers, businesspeople, and impoverished families struggling with debt and unstable income. He also noted that victims of land disputes and political problems are particularly vulnerable.

Mr. Monikosal argues that without significant systemic reform, these crises will only worsen. "As long as they have power, they can do whatever they want. So the crisis will not be solved. It will only get worse," he claimed.

These concerns are supported by broader data. A UNICEF report from October 2023 revealed that in 2022, nearly 900 people died by suicide in Cambodia, with most victims being between the ages of 15 and 19. The report also found that about half a million people are affected by depression or anxiety, underscoring the severity of the mental health challenge facing the nation.

Is China a True 'Iron Friend' to Cambodia? Air Drills with Thailand Raise Questions

A planned joint air force exercise between China and Thailand in late September has sparked debate among Cambodian officials and observers. While China frames the drills as a routine effort to strengthen military cooperation, some Cambodian opposition figures are questioning Beijing's loyalty as a 'diamond-like' ally, particularly in light of ongoing border tensions between Cambodia and Thailand.

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A Drills During Tense Times

The Chinese Ministry of National Defense recently announced that it will send various military aircraft and air defense troops to Thailand for the annual exercise. Since 2015, these drills have been held at a Thai airbase in Udon Thani province.

However, the 2025 exercises are taking place amid a tense border dispute between Thailand and Cambodia, an ally often referred to by Beijing as an "iron friend." This has led to renewed scrutiny of China's foreign policy in the region.

The Perspective from Phnom Penh

The announcement has not been well-received by some members of Cambodia's political opposition. Former CNRP lawmaker Um Sam An argues that if China truly considers Cambodia a "steel friend," it should suspend military exercises with Thailand, a country that has previously used its air force to invade Cambodian territory.

He referred to the five-day war from July 24-28, during which the Thai air force allegedly used F-16 and Gripen fighter jets to launch attacks that resulted in the deaths of soldiers and civilians, as well as damage to homes and the Preah Vihear temple.

Um Sam An believes China's continued military cooperation with Thailand proves that Beijing's relationship with Cambodia is not as deep as Phnom Penh claims. He suggested that China views Cambodia as a strategic tool to gain support on the international stage, particularly regarding the South China Sea dispute.

A Political and Strategic Exercise?

Social and political observer Por Makara views the China-Thailand air drills as more than just a traditional military exercise. He believes that while they serve to strengthen technical and strategic skills, they may also "embed Thailand’s political agenda," hinting at a potential alignment that could sideline Cambodia's interests.

Ultimately, this latest development forces a public conversation about the nature of Cambodia's alliances and whether its "iron friends" prioritize its security interests over their own regional agendas.

ASEAN Chairman Urges Thailand to De-escalate Border Tensions with Cambodia

The ongoing border tensions between Thailand and Cambodia have drawn the attention of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), with the group's current chairman stepping in to mediate. Citing escalating rhetoric and armed clashes, the ASEAN chairman has formally requested Thailand's new Prime Minister, Anutin Charnvirakul, to prioritize diplomatic negotiations to resolve the dispute.

The intervention came after Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen informed the ASEAN chairman and several world leaders about the Thai military's alleged preparations to use force to seize territory in Cambodia's Pursat and Koh Kong provinces.

A Call for Dialogue and Restraint

In a phone call with Prime Minister Anutin, Malaysian Prime Minister and ASEAN Chair Anwar Ibrahim stressed the importance of maintaining peace and preventing any disagreements from creating "unnecessary tension." He explicitly called for all issues to be addressed through the Cambodia-Thailand Joint Boundary and Demarcation Committee (JBC). Anwar Ibrahim emphasized that "the spirit of mutual understanding and discussion is the best way to ensure peace and stability in the region," with Malaysia acting as a mediator.

This diplomatic exchange followed a separate phone call between Anwar Ibrahim and Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen. That conversation focused on a violent crackdown by Thai forces on Cambodian monks and civilians in Prey Chan village, Banteay Meanchey province. The clash, which reportedly involved smoke bombs and rubber bullets, resulted in nearly 30 injuries and was described as the deadliest incident since the ceasefire.

Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Manet also posted on Facebook, describing the violence as a "worrying development" and urging the ASEAN chairman to intervene to prevent further incursions.

Thai Premier Stresses Sovereignty

Despite the ASEAN chairman's appeal, Thai newspaper Khaosod reported that Prime Minister Anutin acknowledged the phone call but underscored that "no one can interfere in the internal affairs of the Thai government."

Meanwhile, reports of continued tension persist on the ground. On September 19, Thai troops attempted to lay more barbed wire at the Boeung Trakuan border crossing but were reportedly forced to retreat by hundreds of citizens. These incidents coincide with former Cambodian Prime Minister Hun Sen's claim to world leaders that the Thai army is preparing to invade 17 other Cambodian territories.

EU Report: Cambodia's Human Rights and Democracy Situation Remains 'A Matter of Concern'

The European Union has again raised concerns about Cambodia's human rights and democracy record in its latest annual report for 2024. The report notes that there have been no positive changes since Mr. Hun Manet became Prime Minister, with civil and political rights continuing to be restricted.

This persistent lack of progress means that the 20% reduction in Cambodia's Everything But Arms (EBA) tariff preferences, imposed in 2020 due to "serious and systematic human rights violations," remains in effect. This decision has significant economic implications for the country, and civil society groups believe that addressing these human rights concerns could lead to an expansion of market access.

A Closer Look at the Concerns

The EU's report highlights ongoing harassment, intimidation, and violence against political opponents, journalists, human rights defenders, and land activists. Specific examples cited include:

• The conviction of 10 environmental activists.

• The arbitrary arrest of at least 94 critics of the Cambodia-Laos-Vietnam Development Triangle Cooperation.

• The deportation of six opposition politicians from Thailand.

• The indictment of 46 journalists.

• The tragic shooting death of journalist Chhoeung Chhoeng in late 2024 while he was reporting on forestry crimes.

Khun Tharo, a program manager at the Center for Labor and Human Rights Alliance (CENTRAL), suggests that the EU could be open to restoring full EBA access if Cambodia demonstrates a "genuine willingness" to respect human rights, democracy, and the rule of law.

Calls for International Pressure

While the EU continues to use economic pressure and monitoring through its Human Rights and Democracy Action Plan for 2020-2027, some observers, such as Mr. Soeng Senkaruna from the Khmer Democracy Organization in Australia (KDO), argue that more is needed. He believes that Cambodia is governed by "family and nepotism" and that the United States, in accordance with the Paris Peace Agreements, should explore alternative forms of pressure beyond the EBA reduction to encourage meaningful change.

The EU's continued focus on these issues shows that Cambodia's human rights record remains a critical factor in its international relations and economic partnerships.