Managing Natural Resources for National Development: The Case of Cambodia

The management of natural resources is a critical challenge for many nations. While countries with vast oil reserves, like those in the Middle East, have found immense wealth, the long-term sustainability of such resources is uncertain. Cambodia, for instance, once had abundant forests, minerals, and precious stones, which were depleted by decades of conflict and mismanagement. Today, as the country prepares to exploit its own oil reserves, it faces a crucial test of governance and economic strategy.

The Potential of Extraction Industries

The extraction industry, which includes activities like mining and oil drilling, offers Cambodia a significant opportunity to generate income. Revenue from these non-renewable resources could be a vital source of funding for national development, addressing critical needs in:

• Infrastructure: Building and improving roads, bridges, and other essential public works.

• Social Services: Investing in healthcare and education to enhance human capital.

• Institutional Capacity: Strengthening governance and administrative systems to ensure a stable and transparent environment.

These investments are essential for fostering economic growth and reducing poverty.

The Challenge of Resource Management

Successfully leveraging natural resource wealth requires careful planning to avoid common pitfalls. Many resource-rich nations encounter two primary challenges:

1. Balancing Spending: Deciding how to distribute revenue between immediate needs and long-term investments. For low-income nations like Cambodia, the priority is to use this income to fund basic infrastructure and social services.

2. Resource Allocation: Ensuring that revenue is allocated effectively across different sectors to promote balanced economic development.

The success of resource management is tied directly to a nation's ability to implement a sound development strategy. Such a strategy must be built on three core components:

• Public Investment: Funding projects tailored to local needs.

• Economic Policy: Creating a framework that encourages private sector growth.

• Governance: Ensuring the rule of law and macro-economic stability.

Transparency and Accountability are Key

For poor countries, the management of resource income must be guided by principles of transparency and accountability. This requires robust institutional reforms and capacity building to ensure that revenues are not misused. History has shown that without strong governance, natural resource wealth can exacerbate corruption and inequality, rather than serve as a catalyst for genuine development.

In contrast, developed nations with established infrastructure and human resources can afford to save a portion of their resource income to ensure long-term financial stability. For Cambodia, however, the priority must be to link resource income directly to its development process, using it as a tool to transition from a resource-dependent economy to one based on knowledge and human capital.

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Changing Consumer Habits and the Cambodian Economy

Cambodia has witnessed a significant shift in its consumer culture. In the past, earning money was difficult, and families were inclined to save the majority of their income. A person who earned $100 might save $90. Today, this trend has reversed dramatically, with many people spending nearly all, and sometimes more, of what they earn. This change is driven by a number of factors, most notably the advancement of technology and the influence of advertising.

The Rise of Consumerism

The widespread availability of information technology has transformed how people access and consume information. Decades ago, even when people had money, they often didn't know what was available for purchase due to limited media. Modern media and sophisticated advertising now ensure that products are promoted to consumers instantly. This constant exposure to foreign foods, electronics, cars, and luxury goods has created new desires and a culture of consumption.

This shift is a global trend, but it has a specific economic impact on Cambodia. While increased spending can be a positive sign of economic activity, the nature of this spending is crucial.

The Economic Dilemma

Economists generally agree that consumer spending is a key driver of economic growth. When people spend more, it increases the demand for goods and services, which in turn stimulates production and keeps the economy functioning. However, for Cambodia, this dynamic is complicated by a reliance on foreign products.

The article highlights a critical paradox: while Cambodians are spending more, this expenditure often does not benefit the national economy. A large portion of consumer spending goes toward imported foreign goods, causing a significant outflow of capital. This means that instead of stimulating Cambodia's domestic production, the country's consumer habits are primarily fueling the economies of other nations.

A Call for Economic Self-Reliance

To address this challenge, Cambodia must focus on two key areas:

1. Increase Domestic Production: The country needs to invest in and expand its own production capabilities to meet the demand for consumer goods. This would allow Cambodians' spending to circulate within the national economy.

2. Support Local Products: There needs to be a conscious effort to encourage Cambodian consumers to buy domestically produced goods. This would not only boost local industries but also help foster a stronger sense of national economic pride.

By increasing domestic production and encouraging local consumption, Cambodia can turn its growing consumer spending into a powerful engine for its own economic progress.

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From Impunity to Integrity: The Challenge of Law and Ethics in Cambodia

In Cambodia, a culture of informal behavior often takes precedence over adherence to formal laws, ethics, and professional protocols. This reliance on personal habits and connections rather than established rules creates a climate of impunity, where justice and ethical conduct are frequently overlooked. This issue manifests itself in various aspects of society, from daily life to the inner workings of government and legal institutions.

A Culture of Habits Over Laws

Many Cambodians, including public officials, are described as operating based on "habits" rather than the rule of law. This informal approach leads to a range of societal problems:

• Traffic Violations: Drivers routinely disregard traffic laws and signs, even at stoplights, endangering themselves and others. Overloaded vehicles, which pose a major safety risk, are often allowed to pass checkpoints by bribing officials.

• Corruption and Nepotism: In professional settings, public officials may use their power and office for personal or family gain. The principles of fairness and professional protocol are often sidestepped in favor of personal preferences or familial ties.

• Subverting Justice: The justice system itself is not immune to these issues. When a person is accused of a crime, their first instinct may be to seek influence from a senior official rather than to face legal consequences. This reliance on connections and bribery undermines the impartiality of the courts, leading to injustice and a lack of accountability.

Consequences of a Lawless Culture

The pervasive habit of operating outside the law has severe consequences for Cambodian society. It fosters a climate of impunity, where those with power or influence can avoid punishment for their actions. This, in turn, fuels a cycle of:

• Social Immorality and Bribery: The normalization of informal payments and back-channel dealings erodes public trust and moral standards.

• Human Rights Abuses: When law enforcement is arbitrary and driven by personal habits rather than legal principles, it can lead to the abuse of human rights, including instances of domestic violence and other acts of aggression that go unpunished.

To address these deep-seated issues, a fundamental shift is required. Every individual, from the ordinary citizen to the highest-ranking official, must make a conscious effort to prioritize compliance with the law and adhere to a strong ethical code. It is only through a collective commitment to integrity that Cambodia can transition from a society of impunity to one of accountability and justice.

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A Strategic Misalignment: The Challenges of Cambodia's Agricultural Sector

Cambodia's agricultural sector, particularly its rice production, faces a significant disconnect between government strategic goals and the reality on the ground for small-scale farmers. While the government has prioritized agriculture as a key driver for national socioeconomic development and export diversification, many farmers struggle just to make ends meet, with little hope of a sustainable income.

The Vicious Cycle of Low Yields and High Costs

Cambodian farmers are caught in a cycle of high production costs and low market prices. The article highlights several key issues that prevent them from escaping poverty:

• Costly Inputs: Farmers bear a high burden for essential inputs. The cost of fertilizer is high, and its quality is often poor. Additionally, a lack of widespread irrigation means farmers rely on expensive fuel for motor pumps.

• High Production Costs: The overall cost of producing rice in Cambodia is significantly higher than in neighboring countries like Thailand and Vietnam. This makes Cambodian rice less competitive in international markets.

• Lack of Market Access: Farmers face an uncertain market for their products, often being forced to sell their rice at very low prices. This lack of a reliable market and low prices result in a loss for farmers, pushing them into a cycle of debt.

This reality for farmers is in stark contrast to the government's ambition to make Cambodia a major milled rice exporter in the region.

The Export Paradox and a Path Forward

The government's plan to expand milled rice exports is undermined by these systemic issues. While the garment manufacturing sector has seen success as a top exporter, the agricultural sector's potential remains largely unlocked. The high cost of production and inadequate infrastructure for transportation make it difficult for Cambodian rice to compete internationally, especially against established exporters like Vietnam and Thailand.

To bridge the gap between national strategy and the reality of its farmers, Cambodia must address the fundamental issues in its agricultural value chain. This requires investment in:

• Infrastructure: Developing a robust and affordable irrigation system and improving transportation networks.

• Market Linkages: Creating reliable and fair markets for farmers to sell their products.

• Cost Reduction: Subsidizing or improving access to high-quality, affordable agricultural inputs to lower production costs.

By tackling these challenges, Cambodia can transform its agricultural sector from a source of struggle into a powerful engine for national development and poverty reduction.

Read Though Countries Rich of Natural Resources But Still Poor

Shifting Geopolitics: The U.S.-Vietnam Relationship and China's Influence

The relationship between the United States and Vietnam has undergone a remarkable transformation since the normalization of diplomatic ties in 1995. Once bitter enemies during the Cold War, the two nations have since developed a strategic partnership focused on economic, military, and even civil nuclear cooperation. This rapprochement is driven by shared interests, particularly a mutual concern over China's growing influence in the Southeast Asia region.

A Strategic Alliance of Convenience

From the U.S. perspective, Vietnam is a vital component of its strategy to balance and contain China's rising power. This aligns with the broader U.S. "pivot to Asia" policy, which seeks to strengthen alliances and partnerships in the region.

For Vietnam, the relationship with the U.S. serves as a crucial counterbalance. Vietnam's concerns over Chinese military aggression, particularly in the disputed South China Sea, have prompted a need for a stronger U.S. presence in Asia. The strategic partnership, therefore, is a pragmatic move for both nations, as each stands to benefit from the other's support.

Internal Debates and Lingering Distrust

Despite the apparent alignment of interests, the Vietnamese government remains cautious. A key point of contention is the U.S. focus on political and human rights reforms, which Vietnam is reluctant to adopt. This creates a dilemma for Vietnamese leaders:

• Pro-U.S. Faction: One group within Vietnam's government is eager to strengthen ties with the U.S. and other regional partners to counter China's aggression, viewing a military alliance as a necessary step.

• Cautious Faction: Another faction, however, harbors deep concerns. They fear that a close relationship with the U.S. could lead to demands for political reforms that challenge the current one-party system. They also worry that joint military maneuvers could provoke a strong reaction from China, potentially escalating into an armed conflict or economic sanctions.

This internal debate highlights a lingering sense of distrust. While Vietnamese officials are apprehensive of China's dominance, they are also wary of becoming too reliant on the U.S., fearing that it may come at the cost of their sovereignty and political stability. Ultimately, the relationship is a delicate balancing act, as both nations navigate their respective interests in a rapidly evolving geopolitical landscape.

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Navigating a Diplomatic Tightrope: Cambodia's Position in Regional Conflicts

Cambodia, a small nation in Southeast Asia, often finds itself caught in the middle of regional conflicts involving its larger and more powerful neighbors. The article argues that these external tensions, combined with Cambodia's own internal political challenges, create a precarious situation for the country. This is exemplified by past disputes with Thailand and recent geopolitical tensions between China and Vietnam.

Caught Between Regional Powers

The article highlights two distinct regional conflicts that have placed Cambodia in a difficult position:

1. Thai-Cambodian Border Disputes: Thailand’s internal political conflicts have at times hindered the country's adherence to international legal decisions, such as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruling on the Preah Vihear temple. This has led to border skirmishes that negatively affect Cambodia.

2. The China-Vietnam Standoff: More recently, the simmering conflict between China and Vietnam over territorial disputes in the South China Sea has created a diplomatic predicament for Cambodia. Vietnam is a neighboring country with strong historical ties, while China is a crucial economic partner, providing significant investment and aid.

Cambodia is in a difficult position to remain neutral, as both countries are seen as providing substantial benefits. The article notes that Cambodia has historically faced pressure, such as when it was asked to repatriate Chinese refugees from Vietnam, or when it had to navigate potential protests by Vietnamese citizens within its borders.

Internal Weakness and External Pressure

The article argues that Cambodia's internal political instability makes it particularly vulnerable to external pressures.

• Political Deadlock: The country has been grappling with an internal political deadlock since the 2013 election. This has consumed significant national resources and energy.

• Vulnerability to Influence: The government's perceived inability to resolve this internal crisis makes it susceptible to being influenced by both China and Vietnam, who each expect Cambodia's political support. This vulnerability was highlighted when Cambodia was criticized for its role as ASEAN chair, as it was seen as blocking a joint statement on regional issues due to pressure from China.

The article concludes that for Cambodia to effectively navigate these external pressures and maintain its neutrality, it must first address its own internal issues. By resolving its political deadlock and strengthening its governance, the country can better resist being drawn into the conflicts of its neighbors and ensure its national interests are protected.

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The High Cost of Politics: Money, Power, and Corruption in Cambodia

In Cambodia, entry into the political sphere is often viewed less as a call to public service and more as a financial investment. Gaining political influence and high-ranking positions requires a substantial expenditure of money, which politicians and parties expect to recoup with a return. This dynamic creates a vicious cycle where financial backing and personal ambition can overshadow a commitment to the nation, leading to widespread corruption and a lack of accountability.

The Political "Investment" Model

The financial demands of politics are significant. Political candidates and parties must spend vast sums on electoral campaigns and grassroots outreach. The source of this funding is often private, coming from wealthy individuals and business tycoons who "invest" in a party or a specific politician. For these individuals, a political career is seen as a business venture, with the expectation that a successful election will lead to a high-ranking position and a chance to profit.

This model applies to all political factions, though the article notes that the ruling party, with its wealthy supporters and business connections, faces fewer financial challenges than the opposition. For the opposition, a lack of funding can be a significant hurdle, hindering their ability to effectively campaign and compete.

The Vicious Cycle of Corruption

This investment-based approach to politics has dire consequences for the nation. Once elected or appointed, politicians and tycoons who have spent heavily on their ascent feel immense pressure to recover their costs. This can lead to the widespread practice of corruption and national graft, where public office is used for personal enrichment. Tycoons, in particular, need political influence to protect their business interests and gain unfair advantages.

Ultimately, this system victimizes the public. National resources are diverted for private gain, and the poor are left to bear the brunt of a system that prioritizes personal profit over public good. The article also notes the personal risk to politicians themselves, who may lose their initial investment and be left in a worse financial state than before.

A Call for Reform

To break this cycle, a fundamental shift is needed in Cambodia’s political system. The article proposes two key solutions:

1. Legal and Financial Reforms: The government should enact a financial law for politics to regulate campaign spending and the sources of political funding. Such legislation would help to curb the influence of money and reduce corruption.

2. A Change in Mindset: Beyond legal reform, politicians must embrace a new way of thinking. Politics should not be a business venture but a role of great public accountability. A politician's qualifications should be based on their ability, leadership, integrity, and genuine goodwill toward the nation—not on their financial resources.

The state itself should consider taking responsibility for campaign costs to level the playing field and ensure that all qualified citizens, regardless of their financial status, have the opportunity to serve their country.

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The Human Cost of Illegal Logging: A Call to End Border Fatalities

The tragic deaths of Cambodian citizens at the hands of Thai armed forces at the border have become a horrifying and persistent issue. Hired to illegally log valuable rosewood, poor villagers risk their lives to earn a meager living. Despite diplomatic protests from the Cambodian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, the violence continues, with hundreds of people killed, injured, or missing. This ongoing tragedy highlights a complex web of poverty, exploitation, and weak law enforcement.

A Horrific Cycle of Violence and Vulnerability

The article describes a brutal and unbelievable situation: a so-called "civilized" nation in Southeast Asia resorting to the "law of the jungle" to deal with illegal border crossings. The use of lethal force against unarmed, impoverished loggers is a clear violation of human rights and international law.

The primary reason these villagers risk their lives is poverty. Driven by the desperate need to feed their families, they are willing to accept the dangerous job of illegally logging rosewood, even after hearing of the high risk of being shot. However, the root of the problem lies not with the victims, but with the individuals who exploit their desperation.

The Business of Bloodwood and a Failure of Governance

The article points to a more sinister force behind this deadly business: powerful and influential "bad guys" who profit from the illegal timber trade. These criminals egg on and motivate impoverished communities to cross the border, promising them a small wage while they pocket the vast profits from the sale of the illegally logged luxury wood.

This exploitation is made possible by a critical failure in governance:

• Lack of Accountability: The powerful individuals running the bloodwood business are often not held accountable for their crimes. The article suggests that these criminals have incorporated with corrupt local authorities to operate with impunity, creating a "veneer of law enforcement."

• Weak Law Enforcement: The government's inability to seriously enforce its own forest laws and prevent illegal logging within its borders is a key part of the problem. Without effective action against the masterminds behind the trade, the cycle of violence will continue.

A Call for Decisive Action

To stop the bloodshed, the article argues for a targeted and serious intervention. While the poor villagers' actions are illegal, the primary responsibility lies with the criminals who orchestrate the trade and the corrupt officials who enable it.

The Cambodian government must take decisive action to:

1. Bring the Criminals to Justice: The powerful businesspeople who profit from the illegal rosewood trade must be seriously punished under national law.

2. End Complicity: Authorities must crack down on any officials who are complicit in this illicit business.

By dismantling the criminal networks that exploit the poor and fuel the illegal logging trade, the government can effectively protect its citizens and align its actions with its national development goals of poverty reduction and forest conservation.

Read Natural Resources Of The Poor Country And Its Management

Dollarization in Cambodia: A Legacy of Distrust and Economic Imbalance

Cambodia is one of the world's most highly dollarized economies, a phenomenon where the U.S. dollar circulates widely alongside the national currency, the Riel. This unique economic situation is not a result of government coercion but a deeply ingrained public preference rooted in historical instability and a lack of faith in the national currency.

A History of Distrust

Cambodia's history, marked by periods of extreme instability, has made its population wary of relying solely on the Riel. The traumatic experience of the Khmer Rouge regime, which abolished money and savings, left a lasting legacy of economic insecurity. When the Riel was reintroduced in the 1980s, people were hesitant to fully trust it, preferring to store their wealth in tangible assets like gold or in foreign currencies from neighboring countries like Vietnam and Thailand, as well as the U.S. dollar.

This distrust was further solidified during the macro-economic instability and high inflation of the 1980s and 1990s. The influx of billions of dollars through aid, development projects, and tourism, particularly with the arrival of the United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC), flooded the market with U.S. currency, cementing its dominance.

Economic and Institutional Challenges

Beyond historical factors, the persistence of dollarization is linked to institutional challenges:

• Central Bank Independence: The article notes a concern about the central bank's lack of independence from the government. People fear that the state could print an excessive amount of Riel to meet its financial needs, potentially triggering a drastic devaluation of the currency.

• Urban vs. Rural Economy: Cambodia's economy is effectively split. The urban economy, driven by foreign investment, tourism, and international aid, operates predominantly in U.S. dollars. In contrast, the rural economy, which is largely based on agriculture, still primarily uses the Riel.

The dominance of the urban economy and its reliance on the U.S. dollar mean that the Riel's value is often seen as secondary, further reducing public confidence.

The Way Forward

While the use of the U.S. dollar provides a degree of macro-economic stability, it also hinders the central bank's ability to effectively manage monetary policy. For Cambodia to achieve full financial sovereignty, it must build public trust in its national currency. This would require:

• Strengthening Institutions: Ensuring the independence of the central bank to manage monetary policy without political interference.

• Controlling Inflation: Implementing sound economic policies to maintain a stable and predictable value for the Riel.

• Encouraging Riel Use: Gradually implementing policies that promote the use of the Riel for transactions, particularly in the urban economy, to increase its prominence and value.

Read more about Cambodians Spend Much But Only For The Sake of Foreign Economic Benefits

Sports Diplomacy: The Unconventional Language of Global Relations

Sports have a unique ability to transcend political and cultural divides, serving as a universal language for communication and peace. As famously stated by Nelson Mandela, "Sport has the power to change the world," a sentiment echoed by the United Nations Secretary-General who called it "the common language" of humanity. Beyond mere competition, sports can symbolize solidarity and are often used as a tool for diplomacy to restore or strengthen international relations.

Historical Precedents of Sports Diplomacy

History is filled with examples of sports being used to mend diplomatic fences. The most famous case is "Ping Pong Diplomacy" between the United States and China in the early 1970s. After decades of isolation, the exchange of table tennis players paved the way for a historic meeting between U.S. and Chinese leaders, fundamentally resetting their relationship.

Similarly, sports have been used to ease tensions between rival nations like Pakistan and India, with cricket and other sports often being the first step toward diplomatic dialogue after periods of conflict. This practice, known as sports diplomacy, allows for informal communication and partnership-building that might not be possible through traditional diplomatic channels.

Sports Diplomacy in the Cambodian Context

Even in Southeast Asia, sports diplomacy has been applied to de-escalate regional conflicts. The article notes that Cambodian and Thai military commanders have used volleyball and football matches to reduce tension along their shared border. While such efforts are effective at a micro-level, they cannot solve the underlying political issues.

Major international sporting events, such as the Winter Olympics hosted by Russia, are also used to project an image of a nation's strength and openness. However, as the article points out, these events can't mask a country's deeper problems. Russia, despite hosting a major international event, has continued to face international criticism over human rights issues and its actions in Ukraine.

Ultimately, while sports can open doors and build relationships, they are not a substitute for genuine political and social reform. They can serve as a powerful first step, but lasting change requires addressing the fundamental issues that divide nations.

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Relationship of ASEAN and European Union

Until the year 2000 and 2001 the European Union had downplayed toward the ASEAN. Some policies of Brussels, Belgium made value over developing countries in Africa only; for example localities based in Caraibes and Pacific regions. European has enhanced relationship focused on economics and commerce only with the huge countries within high economic growth benefits such as South Korea, India and China.

But for over 10 years lately, the business sharing between European Union (EU) and the Association of South East Asia Nations(ASEAN) has been growing so that ASEAN become the biggest economic partner of EU implausibly. Today, EU is the second largest market place and EU is the ASEAN’s third business partner following United States and Japan.

In 2000 Brussels of Belgium in European Union has started to realize that ASEAN consists of potential economics out of natural resources, outnumbered population which involved in commerce transactions or economic activities and because of the deficit of business balance of EU in term of the European nations ordered to purchase goods much more than selling to those ASEAN nations.

Since then Belgium shifted to pivot its policy changing in term of streamlining ties and presence of European Union toward based in Asia regions. The EU commission has been encouraging EU companies coming to invest business projects in some countries of ASEAN in term of relationship enhancement. Yet EU has signed off to accept the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia called TAC and now EU has been negotiating with ASEAN so that to establish a free mutual commerce zone.

In spit of there is a relationship of EU and ASEAN,as of today the EU and ASEAN have apparently downplayed their partnership yet even some better relationships are recognized for instance the joint biannual meeting of the both parties was only made at the foreign ministerial level. There has never been a mutual meeting among the heads of state of EU and ASEAN yet. Sometimes, they notice that the meeting between EU and ASEAN has been presence of secretary of states.

Such behavior of EU has been recognized as much pay attention strictly on human rights or democratization for example EU used to slap economic sanctions on Burma. As of ASEAN cares only the economic benefits and not intent to interfere in other ASEAN’s members national internal affairs.

EU and ASEAN should come together closer in order to reach the consensus that the both blocs used to experience the same pasts including the then-colonial histories of territorial occupation in the long years. The European Union should be a prototype of the upcoming ASEAN economic integration so that the ASEAN community could adapt EU’s integration.

Therefore EU and ASEAN must enhance relationship for the sake of the huge benefits of both blocs including geopolitics.

Read more about ASEAN Economic Community Integration 2015

Rural Community Farming Needs Water

Taking a glimpse at a drought situation of the remote areas during the dry season, they could realize the farmer’s hardship. A nation of Southeast Asia for example [Cambodia] within most of the people is farmers depending on agriculture but the rural areas looked dry so it is very difficult for the farmer to survive.

Lacking of water is the pressing concern for rural community development at remote areas. As of other nations which are plenty of water, the landscape is green therefore they can cultivate both in the rainy season and dry season but in a country lacks water so the farmers left their rice field empty during the dry season until the rainy season comes. Sometimes, it is not a regular time for the coming of the rainy season. Over that time, farmers were hit by floods or drought consequently. Climate change is also the matter to put pressure on agricultural cultivation on which the country depends on rainfalls.

Community people do not have adequate water not only for farming but also for daily use. On the other hand, a poor country which lack of infrastructure, for example, bridge, road, school, hospital. So many people move to a town to seek for a job or continue their studying due to employment in small and medium enterprises and higher education place are located in the town. Some students decided to drop school because they need to help their parents in farming or making income.

Farming of rural community people is based on water source so if without water they do not have work to do. That is why the community people always migrate to find another work for generating income to support living condition which this migration is the most hazardous concern.

Even though, the government prioritizes water matter in its national policy. Yet there is no guarantee the availability of water for both in the dry season and rainy season across the nation. In this case, the government must pay more attention to this policy related to water resource availability to the farmers in the rural community areas.

Of course it is focused on both agricultural investment project and effective water resource management. However, in some areas, there has been plenty of outnumbered water staged flood but sooner and later these areas become dry staged rice become fruitless due to drought. This reveals the bad management of local authority in charge of the agriculture sector to control rural community water resources.

It is very critical to invest agricultural sector for the national staple production in which populations are predominantly farmers working based on agriculture. So the government with the partnership of non-governmental organizations has to strive to make remote areas becoming the green rice field so that to help community people generating their income and improve the quality of living.

In addition, they can reduce poverty of local people and prevent the any risky migration. The government basically pays attention to ensuring that farmers have adequate water and plot of land size for cultivation [social concession land policy.] And that is the accountability of the government.

Environmental Pollution Hurts Community

In the past decades, they almost never heard the words of environmental pollution or environment-friendly protection but later these words were used in society. In addition, the governments established the Ministry of Environment for other developing countries. After the establishment of this Ministry, the mainstream or raise awareness about environmental air and water pollution with its cause of pollution and concerns to the community citizens.

In the countries which administer a free market economy consists of many factories. The existence of a factory is a good sign of national economics and the creation of employment. However, while the presence of many factories the environmental pollution obsesses the government because they must face issues of environmental pollution from the factory industry.

We used to hear the complaints of the community people who raised about the environmental pollution of the factories which flow the sewage which are aggregate impacts over the community livelihood. Other factories have been polluting smug or thunderous sound (noise). These complaints are stemming from the economic activity in terms of environmental pollution of the industry onto the community.

The environmental issue is the pressing concern which people and governments are facing for example activities of the population growth, burning fuels, fossil, mine exploitation, deforestation, water contamination, air pollution, solid waste disposal. Literally, there are four main types of environmental pollution:

1- Water Pollution: through the water waste.
2- Solid Pollution: for instance the medical solid waste disposal.
3- Air Pollution: Smoking or smug from the industrial factories.
4- Noise Pollution: making a loud noise which is beyond the permission from the Ministry of Environment.

The worst environment-polluted nations in the world 2013 are known that had affected population around 200 million people were suffered directly from this current pollution including Indonesia, Russia, Ukraine, Argentina, Bangladesh, Nigeria, and the other five nations. This pollution is recognized as the worst environmental pollution which derives from mine exploitation, removal of sewage from the house and industrial factory in the town and chemical leakage into the water bodies as well. Based on research, the environmental pollution ensues affect the civilian’s health including pneumonia, diarrhea, cancers, cough or make a fetus being born prematurely. Pollution is also the source of climate change on our planet.

The socioeconomic experts described that the above pollution aftermaths have been increasingly deteriorating from year to year due to economic operating activities in a poor country or local communities. Some environmental pollutions have prolonged the conflict between industry owners and community people without any resolution.

Therefore, in order to avoid the possible complaints between community people and industry owners, all relevant ministries like the Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Industry must take strictly action prior to letting industry sectors to operate at any place so that to preserve the green world.

ASEAN Economic Community Integration 2016

In the upcoming 2016 year will arrive shortly, the Association of South East Asia Nations (ASEAN) which comprises of 10 countries will be coming more closer for the purpose of economics community under the same umbrella in terms of the single community for one destiny.

Whenever the ASEAN becomes the ASEAN Economic Community so the member states will increase economics and challenge integration. At that time, the 10 countries freely open the flow of commercial operation, goods, human resources, employment and capital from one country to another. As of the population of ASEAN are able to freely move for seeking for employment based upon their capacity merely hold an identification card.

They note that among the 10, Cambodia may receive a small benefit from the economic ASEAN integration and it may encounter difficulties over employment sector based on its limited human resources challenge.

The social researchers feel that community economic integration shall be opened a free employment market by 2015, Cambodian is singled out that the population can receive a small benefit and take time longer to get this benefit. Mostly of benefits are received by the rich people and those who have the ability to locally and internationally take challenge through investment and company establishment. Many youths shall lose the opportunity of employment while this nation [Cambodia] has yet not been carried out immigration law effectively because of the foreign investors always take part with the local company as business partners (effective immigration law enforcement).

The social researchers added that Cambodians still be high poor basically for those who live in the remote areas are hard to access the chance for benefiting from the integration so the government must pay more attention to them and help to improve their condition of living to brace for the upcoming community economic integration by 2015.

The upcoming ASEAN economic integration may help a population of the nations to have the opportunities working in either country among the 10 so that they can also exchange experiences and learning from each other based on nation’s population knowledge and skill.

ASEAN was created in 1967 and the member states include Indonesia, Thailand, Philippines, Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Vietnam, Lao, Cambodia, and Burma. Now Japan, China, the United States, India, Australia and the United Nations are the Association for the South East Asia Nations’s partners. ASEAN has about 610 million populations. A population of Singapore, Brunei, and Malaysia consist of high capacity human resources so that they can earn revenue over ten thousand to fifty thousand dollars every year in the midst of Cambodian can earn only about one thousand dollars per year (2013).

Because of Cambodian education system is still limited [ similar to Burma and Lao]so the youth of this country are not capable of challenging with other youth of ASEAN nations like Singapore, or Vietnam. The education system of Cambodia is notorious for corruption while taking the exam. That is the concern to brace for community economic integration.

However, Cambodia can take advantages far less than disadvantages and it takes time to get advantages during the ASEAN community integration in light of the goods are duty free enable to lose the national budget, the flow of population to come to work in this country and other challenges if this nation’s government does not sharp its effort and human resources.

ASEAN can be melted by the following factors:
1. completely different political system (presidential system, system of the monarchy and the political party system)

2. ASEAN countries gap are too high among ASEAN members—the average, the poor and the rich (inequitable competition and there is no principle for mutual assistance)

3. The principle of non-interference (ASEAN Heads offended wantonly that other members could not open his mouth to speak up)

4. The principle of unanimous decision-making (the joint announcement at the ASEAN Summit could not be released)

5. Some ASEAN members do not comply with international human rights principles, nor conform with world standards

6. Other factors, for example, the great powers influence to other ASEAN members in the regional conflicts of interest issues and the whole world. Case Study Sample of the Soviet Union and the Arab League have been completely melted and partly due to different economic and political systems, the influence of other great powers on the members of a single community. Previously, nobody thought that the Berlin Wall was the most robust totally collapsed.

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Behavior Of Patron Relationship Blocks Social Development

There are many issues in the community which has been lingering without any resolution or being ignored. Those problems are mainly are stemming from the accomplice.

While the rich and powerful person wants to buy a plot of land they always process through the local authority to get legal documents so that to receive a commission. Because of getting remuneration or commission so the local authority tries the best even they violate the civilian rights or defy the law. That is why there are many overlapped land title may lead to litigation or complaints came from the document process. There are complaints related to the concession land that is also happening from the accomplice in this documentation process. The land social concession land is the pressing concern of the rural community people and civil society organization.

Generally, the culture of network accomplice enables the bad businesspeople a good chance easily. It is a chance for the higher-up uses it as a backup for private companies in return for receiving a commission or benefit. Those companies can operate illicit activity and while the issue takes place they are not able to resolve it. Yet, the accomplice effects to the government’s service delivery including goods quality control, inspection on sectors, building’s structure supervision.

Accomplice’s activity may lead to harrowing corruption and this corruption is not tackled easily. Corruption is the source of the national budget and donor’s fund embezzlement. Even some development project s were bid obviously but the corruption still be present in this development project’s fund of donors because of manipulation of the accomplice which they just set up bidding for cheating only; for example a corruption in the project of health so that it deteriorates health service delivery to the community access.

Constant illegal business-running of luxury wood could not be taken action in light of such accomplice’s habit. They have harmony among businesspeople, local authority, judicial police, forest cantonment and court to incorporate and turn a blind eye to any offense.

It seems to become simply the habit of accomplices related to the public networks include national and sub-national institutions. This habit of such accomplice is not only tarnishing the national fame but also the government’s policy, especially in the eyes of international donors and investors based in the country. There never have critical investors ensued from such a habit of the accomplice.

The elimination of the accomplice is tantamount to the removal of the barrier for national development. It is not a kind of easy task because of a deep mindset of an accomplice who receives benefits from his/her habit but if this habit still exists it could not help the progress of development for the developing nations. 

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A Wave of Protest Indicates Democracy

There has a series of demonstration and strike of the people on which displays the chronicle social issues in everywhere for instance Spring. It is the social crisis in which through this demonstration could be seen as some positive points in term of democracy that is growing in the society.

In other words, many issues which have been happening in the current society reflect the backdrop of democracy fostering. It refers to some worker free union rallies, influential independent media, civil society activities involved actively to enable community people have open mind than ever.

Therefore, both private sectors and government institution must keep up the situation to cope with problems with staff and workers under your supervision well. Otherwise, demonstration and strike will be happening. In this context, the institutions should change old behavior necessary; it means that they are using the influence to violate others, habit of ignorance for subordinate staff’s idea and exploitation of staff.

They can use this habit to influence only if the staff does not realize their rights exercising but while democracy is growing so the powerful human supervision is no more effective. So the institutional leaders should change their leadership from influential management into coordination so that to deal with problems as possible as. Flexibility manner in order to keep up with development is not quite difficult for leaders who are aware of social situation but not for those who are presidents of the departments being old-fashioned in social development.

Democratic nations, staff and laborers are not the slave of employer or presidents of the department but they are thriving parts of the institution or company they serve for. Further, they have rights which protected by inalienable law and they have an inviolable right to protection by a fair legal system. Demonstration and strike are the legal best ways for protecting their rights.

Department presidents and employers should be understandable about this issue at the first. By contradiction, the laborers and staff seem realize to exercise their rights primarily. Even, through demonstration or strike reflect the fledgling democracy but it still at stake because of violence risk. Then all relevant stakeholders and parties strive to promote democracy for the sake of society.

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The Alarming Toll of Road Accidents

Road safety is a significant and often underestimated public health crisis in many countries, including Cambodia. The sheer number of fatalities and injuries from traffic accidents has earned it the grim title of an "anonymous killer." Despite the end of civil conflict, road accidents remain a leading cause of death, exacting a heavy toll on communities and the national economy.

Road accidents have a devastating impact on Cambodia, with an economic cost exceeding $300 million annually. The human cost is far greater, with thousands of people dying each year and many more suffering life-altering injuries. This death toll surpasses that of landmines and even major diseases like HIV/AIDS, yet it receives far less attention.

The tragedy is particularly acute during holidays like Chinese and Khmer New Year, when the number of accidents spikes, turning what should be a time of celebration into one of national mourning.

Root Causes of the Crisis

The majority of road accidents are not random events but are the result of identifiable factors. The primary cause is human behavior, accounting for 90% of incidents. Common violations include:

• Disregarding Traffic Laws: Drivers frequently ignore traffic signs, lights, and right-of-way rules.

• Speeding: Exceeding speed limits is a major contributor to fatal accidents.

• Drink Driving: Driving under the influence of alcohol significantly impairs judgment and reaction time.

• Lack of Safety Gear: Many drivers and passengers fail to wear helmets or fasten seatbelts, drastically increasing the severity of injuries.

Other contributing factors include poorly maintained vehicles and a lack of proper technical inspections.

A Call for Action and Prevention

Addressing this crisis requires a comprehensive and multi-faceted approach. A nationwide effort is needed to change road user behavior and improve safety standards. Key actions must include:

• Strict Law Enforcement: Authorities must implement a zero-tolerance policy for traffic violations. This means imposing firm fines and cracking down on corruption in the issuance of driver's licenses.

• Education and Awareness: There is a critical need for public awareness campaigns to educate citizens on the importance of road safety, traffic laws, and the correct use of safety equipment. This should also include promoting ethical behavior and respect for other road users, especially pedestrians.

• Systemic Improvements: The government must invest in improving road infrastructure and ensuring that all vehicles on the road are technically sound.

By fostering a culture of responsibility and enforcing traffic laws rigorously, Cambodia can significantly reduce the number of accidents and save countless lives from this silent killer. Read about Please Stop Eating Dog Meat

Ending the Cycle: Combating Malnutrition in Cambodia

Malnutrition is a silent crisis in Cambodia, significantly impacting the health and development of its children. Globally, it is a primary factor in 35% of deaths for children under five, and Cambodia is no exception. This critical issue isn't just about a lack of food; it's about a lack of proper nutrition, which leaves children vulnerable to infectious diseases and hinders their physical and mental development. 🧠

The Alarming Reality

Data from Cambodia shows the severe effects of malnutrition:

• Stunted Growth: Almost 40% of children under five suffer from stunted growth and are underweight for their age.

• Maternal Health: Women between the ages of 15 and 49 are often underweight, which increases the risks during childbirth and can result in babies with low birth weight.

• Poor Nutrition Practices: Many mothers stop breastfeeding their babies too early (some as early as four months), and the supplementary foods they provide often lack essential nutrients like protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals.

This widespread problem highlights a critical need for education on proper nutrition, especially for mothers and caregivers.

A Comprehensive Approach to Health

To combat malnutrition, a multi-faceted strategy is required:

• Maternal Care: Expectant mothers need to be encouraged to seek early prenatal care. This includes regular check-ups, taking iron supplements, and ensuring adequate weight gain—especially in the later stages of pregnancy.

• Breastfeeding Promotion: The benefits of breastfeeding must be effectively communicated. Colostrum, the first milk produced, is rich in nutrients and antibodies that protect the baby from disease. Mothers must be taught that all nursing mothers produce enough to sustain their child for the first six months.

• Nutritional Education: After six months, children need a mix of supplementary foods. Mothers must understand that relying on only one food, like rice, is not enough. A balanced diet should include eggs, fish, meat, oil, vegetables, and fruit to provide the necessary calories and minerals.

• Poverty Alleviation: While education is key, the reality of poverty cannot be ignored. A family's ability to provide nutritious food is directly linked to their economic situation. Therefore, any solution must also address the underlying issue of poverty to be truly effective.

By combining health education with economic support, Cambodia can break the cycle of malnutrition and ensure a healthier, more prosperous future for its children.

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The Vision Thing: Why Long-Term Planning Is Crucial for Cambodia's Development

After decades of conflict, Cambodia is in a crucial phase of reconstruction and development. However, this progress is often undermined by a lack of long-term vision and strategic planning from its leaders. Short-sighted decisions in a variety of sectors have led to negative consequences, from environmental damage to social unrest. A clear, long-term vision is not merely a luxury; it is the roadmap to a sustainable and prosperous future.

The Consequences of Short-Sightedness

A lack of vision has manifested in several damaging ways:

• Environmental Degradation: Projects such as filling in lakes for land development have led to increased flash flooding in urban areas. Similarly, unregulated sand dredging from rivers and seas has caused widespread riverbank erosion, threatening both the environment and the livelihoods of people who depend on the river.

• Social Conflict: The granting of economic land concessions and licenses for natural resource exploitation has led to rampant land conflicts. These decisions, made without a thorough consideration of their impact, have destroyed communities and severely damaged forests.

• Unregulated Urban Development: In the rush to modernize, many buildings are constructed without complying with urban planning and construction laws, leading to chaotic and unsustainable urban environments.

These issues arise because decision-makers often fail to ask fundamental questions: What will be the long-term impact on the environment? How will this project affect the livelihoods of local people? What are the consequences of this exploitation?

A Call for a New Vision

For Cambodia to achieve genuine and sustainable development, its leaders must embrace a new approach. A long-term vision provides a framework for decision-making, ensuring that every project and policy is aligned with a clear and accountable plan for the future.

This vision should be a guiding principle for political parties and businesses alike, encouraging leaders to look beyond immediate gains and consider the lasting impact of their actions. By prioritizing strategic planning, a nation can transform its development process from a series of reactive, damaging decisions into a cohesive and forward-thinking effort that truly benefits its people and secures its future.

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